Psychological Disorders
(last revised August, 1999)

Vacation Reading

*Claridge, G.S. Origins of Mental Illness.
*Clark, D.M. and Fairburn C.G. (1997) Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy. Oxford University Press.
Davey, G (1987) An integration of human and animal models of Pavlovian conditioning: associations, cognitions and attributions. In G Davey (Ed) Cognitive Processes and Pavlovian Conditioning in Humans. Wiley.
*Davison and Neale Abnormal Psychology (1998), 7th edition. Wiley. (A good general introduction to abnormal psychology).
Rescorla, R. (1988). Pavlovian Conditioning: it's not what you think it is. American Psychologist, 43, 151-160. (An accessible introduction to modern learning theory).
*Salkovskis, P. (1996). Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy. Guilford.

Guide to Reading List

* Important reading

** Crucial reading

If there is no star, the reference is include for general interest. It is suggested that you skim through the titles of these articles and read anything that seems interesting/relevant.

Be warned, when tracking down articles with the word "behaviour" in the title of the journal, remember that there is the American spelling (behavior) and the British (behaviour). Try both!

Potential Tutorial Topics
Classification and Models of Abnormality
Phobias (could do 2 tutorials - one on specific phobia and one on social phobia)
Panic
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Depression (could do 2 tutorials - one on development and one on treatment)
Eating disorders
Schizophrenia (could do 4 tutorials - psychosocial aspects, physiological aspects, cognitive aspects, development and high-risk aspects)
Personality

NB. Please help us improve and keep this reading list up-to-date by reporting new, interesting articles OR errors found within the reading list to allison.harvey@psy.ox.ac.uk

Classification of Psychological Disorders (1 tutorial)

Essay Titles
"Patients cannot be treated if they are not diagnosed." Is this true?
or
Are categorical and dimensional views of psychological disorders compatible with one another?

Reading List

Background.
**Claridge, G. Origins of Mental Illness. Chapters 1 & 2. Shelfmark HAC54
**Cooper, Z. and Cooper, P. J. (1988) Classification and Diagnosis. In Miller, E. and Cooper, P. J. [eds]. Adult Abnormal Psychology. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh, 1988 Shelfmark HAM61
**Bentall, R. (1992). A proposal to classify happiness as a psychiatric disorder. Journal of Medical Ethics, 18, 94-98.
**Harris, J., Birley, J. L., & Fulford, K. W. A proposal to classify happiness as a psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 539-542.
*Thakker & Ward (1998) Culture and Classification: The cross-cultural approach of the DSM-IV. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 501-529.
*Clare, A. (1980). Psychiatry in Dissent (2nd edition). Tavistock. Read chapters 1-3. Shelfmark HFC54.
*Pichot, P. (1994). Nosological models in psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 232-240.
*Robins, L. and Helzer, J. (1986). Diagnosis and clinical assessment: The current state of psychiatric diagnosis. Annual Review of Psychology, 37, 409-432.
Zimmerman, M. (1988) Why are we rushing to publish DSM-IV? Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1135-1138.
Kerr, A. and McClelland, A. (1991). Concepts of Mental Disorder: A Continuing Debate.

Eysenck's view.
*Eysenck, H.J. (1960). Classification and the problem of diagnosis. In: H.J. Eysenck (ed.), Handbook of Abnormal Psychology (1st edition). Pitman. HAE98.
Eysenck, M.W. Individual Differences. Normal and Abnormal. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, pp 89?110
Eysenck, H.J. et al. (1986). Diagnosis and clinical assessment: The current state of psychiatric diagnosis. Annual Review of Psychology, 37, 409-432.

Anxiety Disorders (3 tutorials)

Phobias

Essay titles
How can phobias be explained, and what is the best way to treat them?
or
What does the fact that there are so many spider phobics and so few chocolate phobics tell us about the aetiology of specific phobias?
or
How can we best account for the acquisition and maintenance of phobias?

Reading List
Background.
**Clark, D. M. (1999). Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, S5-S27.
**Rachman, S. (1998) Anxiety. Psychology Press.
**Salkovskis, P.M. (1991) The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 19, 6?19.
Beck, A. T. & Emery, G. Anxiety Disorders and Phobias. Harper Collins, 1985.
Mogg, K. & Bradley, B. P. (1998) A Cognitive?Motivational Analysis of Anxiety. Behaviour
Research & Therapy, 36, p809?848. [long, but thorough discussion of cognitive and neurological factors in anxiety].

Acquisition of specific phobia.
*Merckelbach, H., de Jong, P.J. Muris, P., and van den Hout, M.A. (1996) The etiology of specific phobias: a review. Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 337-361.
*Seligman, M.E.P. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy, 2, 307?320.
**McNally RJ: Preparedness and phobias: A review. Psychol Bull, 101:283-303, 1987
**Menzies RG, Clarke JC: The etiology of phobias: A nonassociative account. Clin Psych Rev, 15: 23-48, 1995
**Rachman S: Neo-conditioning and the classical theory of fear acquisition. Clin Psychol Rev, 11:155-173, 1991
* Pauli, P. et al. (1998). Covariation bias in flight phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 555-565.
Wolpe, J. and Rachman, S. (1960). Psychoanalytic 'evidence': A critique based on Freud's case of Little Hans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Illness, 131, 135-147.
Ost, L. (1987). Age of onset in different phobias Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 223-229.
Watson, J.B. and Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1-14. [conditioned an infant to fear experimental rats - difficult to get hold of!]
*Rachman, S. (1977). The conditioning theory of fear acquisition: A critical examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 375-387.
*Davey, G.C.L. (1989). Dental phobias and anxieties: Evidence for conditioning processes in the acquisition and modulation of a learned fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 51-58.
* Davey, G.L. (1989). UCS revaluation and conditioning models of acquired fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 521-528.
* Davey, G.L. & Matchett, G. (1994). Unconditioned stimulus rehearsal and the retention and enhancement of differential "fear" conditioning: Effects of trait and state anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 708-718.
* Davey, G.L. & Arulampalam, T. (1982). Second-order "fear" conditioning in humans: persistence of CR2 following extinction of CR1. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20, 391-396.
*Ehlers A, Hofmann SG, Herda CA et al: Clinical characteristics of driving phobia. J Anx Dis, 8:323-339, 1994
Mineka, S., Davidson, M., Cook, M. and Keir, R. (1984). Observational conditioning of snake fear of rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 355-372.
Cook & Mineka (1989) Observational conditioning of fear to fear?relevant versus fear irrelevent stimuli in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, p448. Cognitive models

Cognitive and Information processing in specific phobia.
**Thorpe, S.J. & Salkovskis, P. M. (1995) Phobic Beliefs: Do Cognitive Factors Play a Role in Specific Phobias?. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, p805?816.
*Watts et al. (1986). Colour naming of phobia-related words. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 97-108.
Öhman A, Soares JJF: "Unconscious Anxiety": Phobic responses to masked stimuli. J Ab Psychol, 103:231- 240, 1994
Lavy et al. (1993). Attentional bias and spider phobia: conceptual and clinical issues. Behaviour Research and Therapy.

Treatment of specific phobia.
**Öst LG, Ferebee I, Furmark T: One-session group therapy of spider phobia: Direct versus indirect treatments. Behav Res Ther, 35:721-732, 1997
*Thorpe, S.J. and Salkovskis, P.M. (1997). The effect of one-session treatment for spider phobia on attentional bias and beliefs. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 225-241.
de Silva, P. and Rachman, S. (1984). Does escape behaviour strengthen agoraphobic avoidance? A preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22(1), 87-91.
*Rachman, S. (1986). Does escape behaviour strengthen agoraphobic avoidance? A replication. Behaviour Therapy, 17, 366-384.
*Ost, L.G., Fellenius, J. and Sterner, U. (1991). Applied tension, exposure in vivo, and tension only in the treatment of blood phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 561-574.

Social Phobia.
*Clark, D.M. and Fairburn C.G. (1997) Panic disorder and social phobia. Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy. Oxford University Press.
**Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In. R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 41-68). Guilford Press: New York.
*Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (1995). Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviours in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 26, 163-161.
*Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Seeing yourself through others' eyes: A study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26, 3-12.
*Mansell, W., & Clark, D. M. (1999). How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and biased processing of the observable self. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 419-434.
*Wells, A., Clark, D.M., Salkovskis, P.M., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., and Gelder, M.G. (1995) Social phobia: the role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 26, 153-161.

Panic Disorder

Essay titles
On balance, is panic a biological or a psychological phenomenon? Or is this a silly question?
or
How do treatments for panic work? Which is best?
or
Are panic attacks the result of a neurochemical abnormality or a discrete disturbance in the way patients think about bodily sensations?

Reading List
Behavioural.
Wolpe, J. and Rowan, V.C. (1988). Panic disorder: A product of classical conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 441-450.

Cognitive.
**Clark, D.M. (1986) A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461?470.
**Rachman, J. (1998). Anxiety. Psychology Press. [good coverage of biological, behavioural and cognitive models].
**Clark, D. M. (1996) Panic Disorder: From Theory to Therapy. In Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy. P. Salkovskis [ed]. 1996 Guilford.
**Clark, D.M. and Fairburn C.G. (1997) Panic disorder and social phobia. Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy. Oxford University Press.
**Ehlers, A. & Breuer, P. (1992). Increased cardiac awareness in panic disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 371?382.
**Salkovskis, P. M., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., & Gelder, M. G. (1999). An experimental investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviours in the maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 559-574.
*McNally, R.J. (1990). Psychological approaches to panic disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 403-419.
**Sanderson, W.C., Rapee, R.M. and Barlow, D.H. (1988). The influence of an illusion of control on panic attacks induced via inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide-enriched air. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 157-162.
*Ehlers, A., Margraf, J., Roth, W.T., Taylor, C.B., and Birbaumer, N. (1986) Anxiety produced by false heart rate feedback in patients with panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 2-11.
*Rapee, R. (1986). Differential response to hyperventilation in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 24-28.

Biological.
**Margraf, J., Ehlers, A. & Roth, W.T. (1986). Biological models of panic disorder and agorophobia ? a review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 553?567.
*Ley, R. (1985). Agoraphobia, the panic attack and hyperventilation syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 79-81.
Charney, D.S., Heninger, G.R. and Breir, A. (1984). Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 751-763.
*Liebowitz, M.R. et al. (1984) Lactate provocation of panic attacks. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 764-770.
*Reiman, E.M. et al. (1986) The application of positron emission tomography to the study of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 469-477.
Drevets, W.C., Videen, T.C. MacLeod, A.K., Haller, J.W., and Raichle, M.E. (1992) Pet images of blood flow changes during anxiety: correction. Science, 256: 1696.

Treatment.
**Clark, D.M., Salkovskis, P.M., Hackmann A., Middleton, H., Anastasiades, P. and Gelder, M.G. (1994) A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation, and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 759-769.
*Arntz, A., and van den Hout, M. (1996) Psychological treatments of panic disorder without agoraphobia: Cognitive therapy versus applied relaxation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 113-122.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Essay titles
Why do obsessions develop and persist?
or
What is the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorders and other anxiety disorders?

Reading List
Cognitive.
**Salkovskis, PM, Forrester, E & Richards C (1998) The cognitive-behavioural approach to understanding obsessional thinking. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173.
**Salkovskis, P. Read the chapter on OCD in 'Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy'.
*Rachman, S., de Silva, P. and Roger, G. (1976). The spontaneous decay of compulsive urges. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 445-453.
*Rachman, S. and de Silva, P. (1978). Abnormal and normal obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 233-248.
*Wegner, D.M., Schneider, D.J., Carter, S.R. and White, T.L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5-13.
*Clark, D.M., Ball, S. and Pape, D. (1991). An experimental investigation of thought suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 253-258.
**Trinder, H. & Salkovskis, P.M. (1994). Personally relevant intrusions outside the laboratory: Long term suppression increase intrusion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 7, 805-816.
* Steketee, G. et al (1998). Beliefs in Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 525-537.
Salkovskis, P.M. (1985). Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571-583.
Salkovskis, P.M (1989). Cognitive behavioural factors and the persistance of intrusive thoughts in obsessional problems. BRAT, 27, 677-682.
*Lavy, E. et al. (1994). Selective processing of emotional information in obsessive compulsive disorder. BRAT, 32, 243-246.
**Lopatka C. & de Silva, S. (1995). Perceived responsibility and compulsive checking: An experimntal analysis. BRAT, 33, 673-684.
*Rachman, S. et al. (1996). How to remain neutral: An experimental analysis of neutralization. BRAT, 34, 889-898.
* Tallis, F. et al. (1999). Obessesive compulsive disorder, checking, and non-verbal memory: A neuropsychological investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 161-166.
**Summerfeldt, L.J. & Endler, N.S. (1998). Examining the evidence for anxiety-related cognitive biases in obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 579-598.

Biological
*Insel, T. R. (1991). Has OCD research gone to the dogs? Neurobiology of obsessive comulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 813-824.
*Insel, T. (1992). Toward a neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 739-44.
Aylward, E. H. et al. (1996). Normal caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsuve disorder assessed by quantitative neuro-imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 577-584.
Berthier, M.L. et al (1996). Obsessive compulsive disorder associated with brain lesions: clinical phenomenology, cognitive function and anatomic correlations. Neurology, 47, 353-61.
Cottraux, J et al (1996). A controlled positron emission tomography study of obsessive and neutral auditory stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder with checking rituals. Psychiatry Research, 60, 101-112.
*Barr, L.C. et al (1993). The serotonin hypothesis of obsessive compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8 (suppl 2), 79-82.
**Baumgarten, H.G. & Grozdanovic, Z. (1988). Role of serotonin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173 (suppl. 35), 13-20.
**Saxena, S. et al. (1998). Neuroimaging and frontal-subcortical circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173 (suppl 35), 26-37.
*Jenike, M.A. (1998). Neurosurgical treatment of OCD. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173 (suppl 35), 79-90.
*Schwartz, J.M. (1998). Neuroanatomical aspects of cognitive behaviour therapy response in OCD, British Journal of Psychiatry, 173 (suppl 35).

Treatment
**Salkovskis, P.M. (1999). Understanding and treating obsessive compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 29-52 (special green issue)
*Foa, E.B. & Goldstein, A. (1978). Continuous exposure and strict response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behaviour Therapy, 9, 821-829.
Rachman, S. et al (1979). The behavioural treatment of OCD with and without clomipramine. BRAT, 17, 467-478.
**Foa, E.B., et al.,. (1984). Deliberate exposure and blocking of obsessive compulsive rituals: Immediate and long-term effects. Behaviour Therapy, 15, 45-472.
Emmelkamp, PMG et al., (1988) Cognitive therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsives. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 103-114.
**Freeston, MH et al (1996). Correcting Faulty Appraisals of obsessional thoughts. BRAT, 34, 433-446.
**van Oppen, P & Arntz, A (1994) Cognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. BRAT, 32, 79-87.

Depression

Essay titles
Can one construct a single complete explanation for the causes of depression? or
"Men are not moved by things, but by the views they take of them." Discuss with relation to depression. Or

"All have won and all shall have prizes", said the Dodo in Alice in Wonderland. Why is it that different therapies for depression produce similar outcomes and have similar success rates? or
"Can you stop crying by considering?" said Alice. "That's how it's done", said the white Queen. Discuss with reference to the treatment of depression.

Reading List
Background.
**Hammen, C. (1997). Depression. Psychology Press: UK.

Social.
**Brown, G.W. & Harris (1993). Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in an inner?city population. Pts 1 and 2. Psychological Medicine, p143?165.
** Finlay-Jones, R. & Brown, G.W. (1981). Types of stressful life events and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders
Harris, T., Brown, G.W & Bifulco, A. (1986). Loss of parent in childhood and adult psychiatric disorder: the role of lack of adequate parental care. Psychological Medicine, 16, 641?659.
*Brown, G.W. et al (1987) Life events, vulnerability and onset of depression: some refinements. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 30?42.
*Paykel, E.S., Meyers, J.K., Dienely, M.N., Klerman, J.L., Lindenthal, J.J. and Peffer, M.P. (1969). Life events and depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 21, 753-760. This compares reactive to endogenous depressions.
*Weiss, E.L. et al (1999) Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: psychosocial and neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry 156(6): 816-828.
*Harris, T.O. & Brown, G.W. (1996) Social causes of depression. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 9, 3-10. Look up anything that interests you in the references - this is a very brief overview.

Behavioural.
**Lewinsohn, P.M. (1975). Engagement in pleasant activities and depression level. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 729-731. Read also the article previous to this on pages 718-721.

Learned Helplessness.
**Maier and Seligman, M.E.P. (1976). Learned helplessness. Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 105, 3-46. [learned helplessness, part 1]
**Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M.E.P. and Teasdale, J.D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49-74. [reformulated learned helplessness, Part 2]
** Abramson, L.Y. et al. (1989) Hopelessness depression: A theory based sub-type of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372. [hopelessness theory, Part 3]
*Metalsky et al. (1993). Depressive reactions to failure in a naturistic setting: A test of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 101-109.

Cognitive Theories.
**Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F. and Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guildford Press.
*Beck, A.T. (1972). Depression: Causes and Treatment. University of Pennsylvania Press.
*Clark, D.M. and Teasdale, J.D. (1982). Diurnal variation in clinical depression and accessibility of memories of positive and negative experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 87-95.
Teasdale, J.D. (1983). Negative thinking in depression: Cause, effect or reciprocal relationship? Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 3-26.
*Teasdale, J.D. (1988). Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 247-274.
**Haaga, Dyck & Ernst (1991) Empirical Status of the Cognitive Theory of Depression.
Psychological Bulletin, 110, 215?236
*Fennell, M. & Teasdale, J.D. (1984) Effects of distraction on thinking and affect in depressed patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, p65.
*Schwartz, N. & Clore, G (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgements of well-being: informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523.
*Teasdale, J. (1999). Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse of depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 29-52 (special green issue)

Biological.
**Curzon, G. (1988). Serotonergic mechanisms of depression. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 11 (Suppl. 2), S11-S20.
*Cowen, P.J. (1996) The serotonin hypothesis: necessary but not sufficient. In Feighner, J.P. & Boyer, W.F. (Ed.s) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: advances in basic research and clinical practice (2nd Ed) (Wiley & Sons) RSL: Med Pab 34.
Mann, J.J. et al. (1996) Demonstration in vivo of reduced serotonin responsivity in the brain of untreated depressed patients. American journal of Psychiatry 153(2): 174-182.
**Smith, K.A. et al. (1997) Relapse of depression after rapid depletion of tryptophan. Lancet, 29th March 1997, vol 349, pgs 915-919.
Drevets, W.C. et al. (1997) Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature, 386, 824-827. Plus News & Views by A.R.
Damasio on 769-770 of same issue.
*Mayberg, H. et al. (1999) Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: convergent PET findings in depression and normal sadness. American Journal of Psychiatry 156(5): 675-682.

The Endogenous (Melancholic) - Reactive (Neurotic) Distinction.
**Weissenburger, J.E. & Rush, A.J. (1996) Biology and cognitions in depression: does the mind know what the brain is doing? In Salkovskis, P.M. (Ed.) Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy. Guilford.
*Andreasen, N.C. et al. (1986) The validation of the concept of endogenous depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 246-251.

Treatment.
**Clark, D.M. (1990). Cognitive therapy for depression and anxiety: is it better than drugs in the long term? In Hawton & Cowen [eds]. Dilemmas and difficulties in the management of psychiatric patients. OUP. RSL Med. Pad 58.
**Williams (Chapter 11) in Clark, D. M. & Fairburn, G. (1996) Science and Practice of
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. OUP.
Hollister, L.E. (1986). Current antidepressants. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 26, 23-37.
*DeRubeis, R.J. et al. (1990). How does cognitive therapy work? Cognitive change and symptom change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 862-869.
*Dobson, K.S. (1989). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 414-419.
*McLean, P.D. (1990). Relative endurance of unipolar depression treatment effects: Longitudinal follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 482.
Green, A.R. (1987). Evolving concepts on the interactions between antidepressant treatments and monoamine transmitters. Neuropharmacology, 26, 815-822.
* Teasdale, J.D. et al. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 25-39.
*Watkins, E. & Williams, R. (1998). The efficacy of cognitive-behaviour therapy. In Checkley, S. (Ed.) The management of depression.
*Teasdale J. D. (1985). Psychological treatments for depression: how do they work?. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 157?165.
*Teasdale, J.D. and Fennell, M.J.V. (1982). Immediate effects on depression of cognitive therapy interventions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 343-351.
*Malitz, S. et al. (1984). Low dosage ECT: Electrode placement and acute physiological and cognitive effects. American Journal of Social Psychiatry, 4(4), Special issue: Electroconvulsive Therapy, 47-53.
*Crow, T.J. et al. The Northwick Part ECT Trial predictors of response to real and simulated ETC. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 227-237.

Eating Disorders

Essay titles
o "The reason eating disorders are on the increase is because of media and cultural pressure." Discuss this statement with reference to other possible explanations for the development of anorexia and bulimia.
or
o "Anxiety causes anorexia", claims one popular magazine. Discuss the possible causative factors implicated in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa.
or
o "Bulimics are thin fat people". How are bulimia and anorexia related to one another?

Reading List
Background.
*Schlesier?Stropp (1984). Bulimia: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 95,
247?257.

Cognitive.
**Fairburn, Shafran & Cooper (1999). A cognitive behavioural theory of anxorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 1-13.
**Vitousek, K.M. The current status of cognitive-behavioural models of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy. Ed - Salkovskis. 1996
*Fairburn, C. Eating disorders. In Science and Practice. Ed - Clark & Fairburn.
*Garner & Bemis (1982). A cognitive?behavioural approach to anorexia nervosa. Cognitive
Therapy and Research, 6, 123?150.
**Cooper, M. (1997) Cognitive Theory in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A review.
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, p113.
*Wilson, G.T. (1999). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: progress and problems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 29-52 (special green issue)

Sociocultural.
**Garner & Garfinkel (1980). Socio?cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa.
Psychological Medicine, 10, 647?656.
Striegel?Moore, Silberstein & Rodin (1986). Toward an understanding of risk factors for
bulimia. American Psychologist, 41, 246?263.
Wardle & Marsland (1990) Adolescent concerns about weight and eating: A
social?developmental perspective. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 34, 377?391.
**McCarthy, M. (1990). The thin ideal, depression and eating disorders in women. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 205-215.
** Rozin & Fallon (1988). Body image, attitudes to wieght, and misperceptions of figure
preferences of the opposite sex: A comparison of men and women in two generations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 342?345.
*Leung, F et al. (1996). Issues and concerns associated with different risk models for eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 249-256.

Biological.
**Kaplan, A.S. & Woodside, B. (1987). Biological aspects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 645-653.
**Treasure, J.L. & Owen, J.B. (1997) Intriguing links between animal behaviour and anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 307-311.
*Brownwell et al. (1986) The effects of repeated cycles of weight loss and regain in rats. Physiology and Behaviour, 38, 459-464.
**Walsh, A.E. et al. (1995) Dieting decreases plasma tryptophan and increases prolactin response to d-fenfluramine in women but not in men. Journal of Affective Disorders, 33, 89-97. Journal is hard to get hold of but abstract is on MedLine and will tell you what you need to know.
Jimerson, D.C., Lesem, M.D., Hegg, A.P. and Brewerton, T.D. (1990). Serotonin in human eating disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 600, 532-544.
Tecott, L.H., Sun, L.M., Akana, S.F., Strack, A.M., Lowenstein, D.H., Dallman, M.F. and Julius, D. (1995). Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors. Nature, 374(6522), 542-546.
Drewnowski, A., Krahn, D.D., Demitrack, M.A., Nairn, K. and Gosnell, B.A. (1994). Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high-fat foods in obese and lean female binge eaters. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61(6), 1206-1212.

Treatment.
**Fairburn et al. (1993a). Psychotherapy and bulimia nervosa: The longer-term effects of interpersonal psychotherapy, behaviour therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 419-428.
*Fairburn et al (1995). A prospective study of outcome in bulima nervosa and the long term
effects of three psychological treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, p304.
Craighead & Agras (1991) Mechanisms of action in cognitive-behavioural and pharmacological interventions for obesity and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 115-125.
Wilson (1996) Treatment of bulimia nervosa: When CBT fails. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 197-212.
Fairburn et al. (1993b). Predictors of twelve-month outcome in bulimia nervosa and the influence of attituides to shape and weight. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 696-698.
Fairburn, et al (1991). Three psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa: a comparative trial. Archives of general Psychiatry, 48, 463-469.

Schizophrenia (4 tutorials)

General essay titles
o A range of hypotheses has been proposed to account for the aetiology of schizophrenia. Are the most important of these mutually incompatible?
or
o Evaluate the contribution of drug treatments versus psychological treatments to our understanding of schizophrenia.
or
o Schizophrenia is so varied in all its manifestations and course that some have questioned whether it is a single entity at all. Discuss.

Cognitive aspects of Schizophrenia

Essay titles
o What contribution can theory and research in "information processing" make to our understanding of schizophrenia?
or
o Do you think a dysfunction of hemisphere organization can explain schizophrenia? If so, what might be the nature of the dysfunction?

Reading List
Symptomatology of Schizophrenia.
*Claridge, G. & Beech, T. (1995) Fully and quasi-dimensional constructions of schizotypy. In Raine, A. et al. (Ed.s) Schizotypal Personality. Useful review linking well with Individual Differences paper.
*Understanding the Inner Voices. New Scientist, 9th July 1994. Brief overview.
*Andreasen, N.C. (1995) Signs, symptoms, and diagnosis of schizophrenia. Lancet, 346, 477-481.
McKay, A.P. et al. (1996) Severe schizophrenia - what is it like? In Halligan, P.W. & Marshall, J.C. Method in Madness. Psychology Press.
Liddle, P.F. et al. (1989) Three syndromes in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155 Supplement 7, 119-122. Important paper detailing 3 factor model.

Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging.
**Frith, C.D. (1992) The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. LEA.
**Gold, J.M. & Weinberger, D.R. (1995) Cognitive deficits and the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 5, 225-230.
*Blanchard, J.J. & Neale, J.M. (1994) The neuropsychological profile of schizophrenia: generalized or differential deficit? American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(1), 40-47.
Heckers, S. et al. (1998) Impaired recruitment of hippocampus during conscious recollection in schizophrenia. Nature Neuroscience, 1(4): 318-323. Plus News and Views article by Paul Fletcher in same issue.
*Frith, C.D. et al. (1995) Regional brain activity in chronic schizophrenic patients during the performance of a verbal fluency task. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 343-349.
McGuire, P.K. et al. (1995) Abnormal monitoring of inner speech: a physiological basis for auditory hallucinations. Lancet, 346, 596-600.
Pantelis, C. et al. (1997) Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain, 120, 1823-1843.

Information Processing.
**Williams, J.H. et al. (1998) Reduced latent inhibition in people with schizophrenia: an effect of psychosis or of its treatment? British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 243-249.
**McKay, A.P., McKenna, P.J. et al. (1996) Semantic Memory is Impaired in Schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 929-937.
Goldberg, T.E. et al. (1998) Cognitive substrates of thought disorder, I: the semantic system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1671-1676. Plus following paper by same group.
*Hoffman, R & McGlashan, TH (1997) Synaptic elimination, neurodevelopment, and the mechanism of hallucinated "voices" in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 144 (12): 1683-1689. Interesting paper from a neural networks perspective.
*Frith, C.D. (1979). Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 225-235.
*Frith, C.D. (1995). Functional imaging and cognitive abnormalities. Lancet, 346, 615-620.
*Frith & Corcoran (1996) Exploring 'theory of mind' in people with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 26, 521-530.

Hemispheric Abnormalities.
Crow, T.J. (1997) Schizophrenia as a failure of hemispheric dominance for language. Trends in Neurosciences, 20, 339-343.
*Cutting, J. (1990). The Right Hemisphere and Psychiatric Disorders. Oxford University Press. (Chapters 2, 17 and 19)
*Raine, A. and Manders, D. (1988). Schizoid personality, interhemispheric transfer and left hemisphere overactivation. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 333-347.
*Claridge, G., Broks, P. et al. (1984). Schizotypy and hemisphere function. Parts I-IV. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 633-670.

Physiological Aspects

Reading List
The Dopamine Hypothesis.
**Frith, C.D. (1992) Chapter 2 in The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. LEA.
Jaskiw, G.E. & Weinberger, D.R. (1992) Dopamine and schizophrenia: a cortically corrective perspective. Seminars in the Neurosciences, 4, 179-188. Important paper; read carefully. Available in Zoology library or Psychology photocopies.
**Knable, M.B. & Weinberger, D.R. (1997) Dopamine, the prefrontal cortex, and schizophrenia. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 11(2), 123-131. Up to the minute overview, but fairly complicated.

The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis.
Harrison, P.J. (1995) On the neuropathology of schizophrenia and its dementia: neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, or both? Neurodegeneration, 4, 1-12.
**Harrison, P.J. (1997) Current Opinion in Neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience issue. Excellent review.
**Woods, B.T. (1998) Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1661-1670 (December). A complex review which tackles some of the issues raised in Harrison's papers.
*Saunders, R.C. et al. (1998) Neonatal lesions of the medial temporal lobe disrupts prefrontal cortical regulation of striatal dopamine. Nature, 393, 169-171 (14th May 1998).
Myhrman, A. et al. (1996) Unwantedness of a pregnancy and schizophrenia in the child. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 637-640.
Beckmann, H. & Jakob, H. (1991) Prenatal disturbances of nerve cell migration in the entorhinal region: a common vulnerability factor in functional psychoses? Journal of Neural Transmission, 84, 155-164.

Genetics.
*Crow, T.J. (1992) Schizophrenia: aetiology and brain changes. State of the Art in Clinical Psychiatry, 1(2). In photocopy stacks in psychology library.
*McGuffin, P. et al. (1995) Genetic Basis of Schizophrenia. Lancet, 346, 678-682.

Psycho-social aspects.
Essay titles
o Discuss the effect of social influences on the course of schizophrenia, with special reference to "expressed emotion". How specific to schizophrenia are these influences?
or
o How do cognitive models of schizophrenia explain the maintenance of the disorder? Can cognitive therapy enhance outcome in the treatment of schizophrenia?

Reading List
Demographic Factors.
Warner, R. (1994) Recovery from schizophrenia: psychiatry and political economy, 2nd Ed. Chapter 1, 2 & 7.
*Warner, R. (1995) Time trends in schizophrenia: Changes in obstetric risk factors with industrialisation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21(3): 483-499.
*Freeman, H. (1994) Schizophrenia and city residence. British Journal of Psychiatry 164 (supplement 23): 39-50.
Aro, S. et al. (1995) Socio-economic mobility among patients with schizophrenia or affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166: 759-767.
Lin, K-M. & Kleinman, A. (1988) Psychopathology and clinical course of schizophrenia: a cross-cultural perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 555-

Expressed Emotion.
**Kavanagh, D.J. (1992) Recent developments in expressed emotion and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 601-629.
**Ivanovic, M. et al. (1994). Expressed emotion in the families of patients with schizophrenia and its influence on the course of illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 1994, 29 (2), 62-65.
*Kuipers, L. (1992) Expressed Emotion research in Europe. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 429-443.
Leff, J. (1994) Working with the families of schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (supplement 23): 71-76.
Hibbs, E. et al. (1992) Parental expressed emotion and psychophysiological reactivity in disturbed and normal children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 504-510.
*Leff, J. and Vaughn, C. (1985). Expressed Emotion in Families. Guildford.
*International Journal of Mental Health, 24(2) (1995). All the articles in here are about expressed emotion and the most current research findings - good, but difficult to find.
Warner, R. and Atkinson, M. (1988). The relationship between schizophrenic patients' perceptions of their patients and the course of their illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 344-353.
*MacMillan, J., Gold, A., Crow, T., Johnson, A. and Johnstone, E. (1986). Expressed emotion and relapse. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 133-143.
*Leff, J. et al. (1989). A trial of family therapy vs a relatives' group for schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 58-66.
Tarrier, N. et al. (1989). Community management of schizophrenia. A two-year follow-up of a behavioural intervention with families. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 625-628.
*Leff, J. et al. (1990). Relatives' expressed emotion and the course of schizophrenia in Chandigarh. A two-year follow-up of a first-contact sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 351-356.

Cognitive Therapy.
Treatment outcome trials
**Kuipers, E. et al., (1998). London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 61-68.
**Kuipers, E., et al. (1997). The London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis: Effects of the treatment phase. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 227-319.
**Haddock, G. et al., (1998). Individual cognitive-behavior therapy in the treatment of hallucinations and delusions: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 821-838.
**Garety, P. A. et al. (1994). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for drug resistant psychosis. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 67, 259-271.
**Drury, V. et al. (1996a). Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: A controlled trial. 1. Impact on psychotic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 593-601.
**Drury, V. et al. (1996b). Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: A controlled trial. 11. Impact on recovery time. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 602-607.
Theoretical papers
Chadwick, P. and Birchwood, M. (1994). The omnipotence of voices. A cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 190-201.
Chadwick, P.D., & Lowe, C.F. (1994). A cognitive approach to measuring and modifying delusions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 355-367.
*Morrison, A.P., Haddock, G. and Tarrier, N. (1995). Intrusive thoughts and auditory hallucinations: A cognitive approach. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 265-280.
**Morrison, A.P. (1998). A cognitive analysis of the maintenance of auditory hallucinations: Are voices to schizophrenia what bodily sensations are to panic? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26, 289-302.
Hodel, B. and Brenner, H.D. (1994). Cognitive therapy with schizophrenic patients: Conceptual basis, present state, future directions. Acta Psychiatr. Scandinavica (Suppl.), 384, 108-115.
Others of interest
*Alford, B.A. and Beck, A.T. (1994). Cognitive therapy of delusional beliefs. Behavioural Research Therapy, 32(3), 369-380.
*Wykes, T., Tarrier, N, & Lewis, S (Ed.s) (1998) Outcome and innovation in the psychological treatment of schizophrenia. Wiley.
*Bentall, R.P. (1990). Reconstructing Schizophrenia. (Chapters 1 and 2 especially)

Development and High-Risk Aspects
Essay titles
o Is it possible to identify children at later risk for schizophrenia? What is the likelihood that such individuals will actually develop the disorder?

Reading List
**Claridge, G.S. (1987). "The schizophrenias as nervous types" revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 735-743.
**Watt, N.F., Anthony, E.J., Wynne, L.C. and Roff, J.E. (1984). Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. Cambridge University Press. (Chapters 1 and 45 plus the rest)
Asarnow (1988). Children at risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 613-631.
*Mednick, S., Schulsinger, H. and Schulsinger, F. (1975). Schizophrenia in children of schizophrenic mothers. In: A. Davids (ed.), Childhood Personality and Psychopathology. Current Topics 2. Wiley.
Cannon, T., Mednick, S. and Parnas, J. (1990). Antecedents of predominately negative- or predominately positive-symptom schizophrenia in a high-risk population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 622-632.
*Done, D.J., Crow, T.J., Johnstone, E.C. and Sacker, A. (1994). Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: Social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. British Medical Journal, 309, 699-703.
*Mednick, S.A., Parnas, J. and Schulsinger, F. (1987). The Copenhagen high-risk project, 1962-1986. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 485-495.
*Mirsky, A.F. and Quinn, O. (1988). The Genain Quadruplets. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 595-631.
Tienari, P. (1987). Genetic and psychosocial factors in schizophrenia: The Finnish Adoptive Family Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 477-484.
*Anthony, E.J. and Cohler, B.J. (1987). The Invulnerable Child. Guildford. (Chapters 1 and 6 especially)
Claridge, G. A single indicator of risk for schizophrenia: Probable fact or likely myth? (Photocopy in Psychology Library)

Personality Disorders

Essay Titles
What evidence is there that some forms of antisocial behaviour are associated with a personality disorder of a psychopathic kind? What is known about the nature and possible origins of this form of disorders?

Reading List
Personality Disorders.
**Appropriate parts of Davison & Neale
DSM-IV under Personality Disorders
*Tyrer, P. & Stein, G, (Eds), Personality Disorder Reviewed. Gaskell, 1993. (Especially Chaps 1,2,6,12).
**Nigg, J. T. & Goldsmith, H.H. Genetics of Personality disorders: perspectives from personality and psychopathology research. Psychological Bulletin, 1994, 115, 346-380.
**Arntz, A. (1999). Do personality disorder exist? On the validity of the concept and its cognitive-behavioural formulation and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 29-52 (special green issue)

Antisocial Personality Disorder (Psychopathy)
*Cleckley, H. The Mask of Sanity. Mosby, 1982. (As much as you can manage, but certainly look at the case descriptions).
**Hare, R.D. Twenty years of experience with the Cleckley psychopath. In: W. H. Reid et al. Eds, Unmasking the Psychopath. Norton, 1986.
Hare, R. & Jutai, J. Psychopathy and cerebral assymmetry in semantic processing. Person. Indiv. Diffs., 1988, 9, 329-337.
Williamson, S.E., Harpur, T.J., & hare, R.D. Abnormal processing of affective words by psychopaths. Psychophysiology, 1991, 28, 260-273.
**Mealey, L. The Sociobiology of sociopathy: an integrated approach. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 1995, 18, 523-599.
**Levenson, M.R., Rethinking psychopathy. Theory and Psychology, 1992, 2, 51-71

Borderline Personality Disorder.
**Berkowitz, M. Reading about borderline states. Bristish Journal of Psychiatry, 1990, 156, 752-753.
**Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1979, 5, 1. Articles by Gunderson, J. The relatedness of borderline and schizophrenic disorders. Pp. 17-22 and Liebowtiz, W. Is borderline a distinct entity? Pp. 23-38.
**Arntz, A. (1994). Treatment of borderline personality disorder: A challenge for cognitive behavioural therapy, 32(4), 419-430.